CHAPTER
310
PARTNERSHIP |
ARRANGEMENT OF
SECTIONS |
SECTION |
|
Definition of "partnership". |
Rules for determining existence of
"partnership". |
Postponement of rights of persons lending or
selling in consideration of share of profits in cases of insolvency. |
|
Relations of Partners to
Persons Dealing with Them |
Power of partners to bind the firm. |
Partners bound by acts on behalf of firm. |
Partner using credit of firm for private
purposes. |
Effect of notice that firm will not be bound by
acts of partner. |
|
Liability of the firm for wrongs. |
Misapplication of money or property received for
or in custody of the firm. |
Liability for wrongs joint and several. |
Improper employment of trust-property for
partnership purposes. |
Persons liable by "holding out". |
Admissions and representations of partners. |
Notice to acting partner to be notice to the
firm. |
Liabilities of incoming and outgoing partners. |
Revocation of continuing guarantee by change in
firm. |
Relation of Partners to
One Another |
Variation by consent of terms of partnership. |
|
Property bought with partnership money. |
Conversion into personal estate of land held as
partnership property. |
Procedure against partnership property for a
partner's separate judgment debt. |
Rules as to interests and duties of partners
subject to special agreement. |
|
Retirement from partnership at will. |
Where partnership for term is continued over,
continuance on old terms presumed. |
Duty of partners to render accounts, etc. |
Accountability of partners for private profits. |
Duty of partner not to compete with firm. |
Rights of assignee of share in partnership. |
Dissolution of
Partnership and its Consequences |
Dissolution by expiration or notice. |
Dissolution by bankruptcy, death or charge. |
Dissolution by illegality of partnership. |
Dissolution by the court. |
Rights of persons dealing with firm against
apparent members of firm. |
Right of partners to notify dissolution. |
Continuing authority of partners for purposes of
winding up. |
Rights of partners as to application of
partnership property. |
Apportionment of premium where partnership
prematurely dissolved. |
Rights where partnership dissolved for fraud or
misrepresentation. |
Rights of outgoing partner in certain cases to
share profits made after dissolution. |
Retiring or deceased partner's share to be a
debt. |
Rules for distribution on final settlement of
accounts. |
Supplemental |
|
Saving for rules of equity and common law. |
CHAPTER 310 |
PARTNERSHIP |
An Act to
declare the law of partnership. | 36 of 1904 |
[Assent 9th June,
1904]
[Commencement 1st January, 1905] |
1. This Act may be cited as the Partnership Act. | Short title. |
2. (1) Partnership is the relation which subsists
between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit. | Definition of "partnership". |
(2) But the
relation between members of any company or association which is- |
(a) registered
as a company under the
Companies Act or any other Act for the time being in force and relating to the
registration of joint stock companies; |
(b) formed or
incorporated by or in pursuance of any Act or Letters Patent or Royal Charter, |
is not a
partnership within the meaning of this Act. |
3. In determining whether a partnership does or does
not exist, regard shall be had to the following rules- | Rules for determining existence of
"partnership". |
(a) joint
tenancy, tenancy in common, joint property, common property, or part ownership
does not of itself create a partnership as to anything so held or owned,
whether the tenants or owners do or do not share any profits made by the use
thereof; |
(b) the sharing
of gross returns does not of itself create a partnership, whether the persons
sharing such returns have or have not a joint or common right or interest in
any property from which or from the use of which the returns are derived; |
(c) the receipt
by a person of a share of the profits of a business is prima facie
evidence that he is a partner in the business, but the receipt of such a share,
or of a payment contingent on or varying with the profits of a business, does
not of itself make him a partner in the business; and in particular- |
(i) the
receipt by a person of a debt or other liquidated amount by instalments or
otherwise out of the accruing profits of a business does not of itself make him
a partner in the business or liable as such; |
(ii) a
contract for the remuneration of a servant or agent of a person engaged in a
business by a share of the profits of the business does not of itself make the
servant or agent a partner in the business or liable as such; |
(iii) a
person being the widow or child of a deceased partner, and receiving by way of annuity
a portion of the profits made in the business in which the deceased person was
a partner, is not by reason only of such receipt a partner in the business or
liable as such; |
(iv) the
advance of money by way of loan to a person engaged or about to engage in any
business on a contract with that person to the effect that the lender shall
receive a rate of interest varying with the profits, or shall receive a share
of the profits arising from carrying on the business, does not of itself make
the lender a partner with the person or persons carrying on the business or
liable as such: |
Provided that the contract is in writing, and signed by or on
behalf of all parties thereto; |
(v) a
person receiving by way of annuity or otherwise a portion of the profits of a
business in consideration of the sale by him of the goodwill of the business is
not by reason only of such receipt a partner in the business or liable as such. |
4. In the event of any person to whom money has been
advanced by way of loan upon such a contract as is mentioned section 3 of this
Act, or of any buyer of a goodwill in consideration of a share of the profits
of the business, being adjudged a bankrupt, entering into an arrangement to pay
his creditors less than one hundred cents in the dollar, or dying in insolvent
circumstances, the lender of the loan shall not be entitled to recover anything
in respect of his loan, and the seller of the goodwill shall not be entitled to
recover anything in respect of the share of profits contracted for, until the
claims of the other creditors of the borrower or buyer for valuable
consideration in money or money's worth have been satisfied. | Postponement of rights of person lending or selling in
consideration of share of profits in cases of insolvency. |
5. Persons who have entered into partnership with one
another are for the purposes of this Act called collectively a firm, and the
name under which their business is carried on is called the firm-name. | Meaning of firm. |
Relations of
Partners to Persons Dealing with Them |
6. Every partner is an agent of the firm and his other
partners for the purpose of the business of the partnership; and the acts of
every partner who does any act for carrying on in the usual way business of the
kind carried on by the firm of which he is a member bind the firm and his
partners, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the
firm in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing either
knows that he has no authority, or does not know or believe him to be a
partner. | Power of partner to bind the firm. |
7. An act or instrument relating to the business of the
firm and done or executed in the firm-name, or in any other matter showing an
intention to bind the firm, by any person thereto authorised, whether a partner
or not, is binding on the firm and all the partners: | Partners bound by acts on behalf of firm. |
Provided that this
section shall not affect any general rule of law relating to the execution of
deeds or negotiable instruments. |
8. Where one partner pledges the credit of the firm for
a purpose apparently not connected with the firm's ordinary course of business,
the firm is not bound, unless he is in fact specially authorised by the other
partners; but this section does not affect any personal liability incurred by
an individual partner. | Partner using credit of firm for private purposes. |
9. If it has been agreed between the partners that any
restriction shall be placed on the power of any one or more of them to bind the
firm, no act done in contravention of the agreement is binding on the firm with
respect to persons having notice of the agreement. | Effect of notice that firm will not be bound by acts
of partner. |
10. Every partner in a firm is liable jointly with the
other partners for all debts and obligations of the firm incurred while he is a
partner; and after his death his estate is also severally liable in a due
course of administration for such debts and obligations, so far as they remain
unsatisfied, but subject to the prior payment of his separate debts. | Liability of partners. |
11. Where, by any wrongful act or omission of any
partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the
authority of his co-partners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being
a partner in the firm, or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable therefor
to the same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act. | Liability of the firm for wrongs. |
12. In the following cases, namely- | Misapplication of money or property received for or in
custody of the firm. |
(a) where one
partner acting within the scope of his apparent authority receives the money or
property of a third person and misapplies it; |
(b) where a
firm in the course of its business receives money or property of a third
person, and the money or property so received is misapplied by one or more of
the partners while it is in the custody of the firm, |
the firm is
liable to make good the loss. |
13. Every partner is liable jointly with his
co-partners and also severally for everything for which the firm while he is a
partner therein becomes liable under either of sections 11 and 12 of this Act. | Liability for wrongs joint and several. |
14. If a partner, being a trustee, improperly employs
trust-property in the business or on the account of the partnership, no other
partner is liable for the trust-property to the persons beneficially interested
therein: | Improper employment of trust-property for partnership
purposes. |
Provided as
follows- |
(a) this
section shall not affect any liability incurred by any partner by reason of his
having notice of a breach of trust; |
(b) nothing in
this section shall prevent trust money from being followed and recovered from
the firm if still in its possession or under its control. |
15. Every one who by words spoken or written or by
conduct represents himself, or who knowingly suffers himself to be represented,
as a partner in a particular firm, is liable as a partner to any one who has on
the faith of any such representation given credit to the firm, whether the
representation has or has not been made or communicated to the person so giving
credit by or with the knowledge of the apparent partner making the
representation or suffering it to be made: | Persons liable by "holding out". |
Provided that,
where after a partner's death the partnership business is continued in the old
firm-name, the continued use of that name or of the deceased partner's name as
part thereof shall not of itself make his executors or administrators estate or
effects liable for any partnership debts contracted after his death. |
16. An admission or representation made by any partner
concerning the partnership affairs, and in the ordinary course of its business,
is evidence against the firm. | Admissions and representations of partners. |
17. Notice to any partner who habitually acts in the
partnership business of any matter relating to partnership affairs operates as
a notice to the firm, except in the case of a fraud on the firm committed by or
with the consent of that partner. | Notice to acting partner to be notice to the firm. |
18. (1) A person who is admitted as a partner into an
existing firm does not thereby become liable to the creditors of the firm for
anything done before he became a partner. | Liabilities of incoming and outgoing partners. |
(2) A partner who
retires from a firm does not thereby cease to be liable for partnership debts
or obligations incurred before his retirement. |
(3) A retiring
partner may be discharged from any existing liabilities, by an agreement to
that effect between himself and the members of the firm as newly constituted
and the creditors, and this agreement may be either express or inferred as a
fact from the course of dealing between the creditors and the firm as newly
constituted. |
19. A continuing guarantee or cautionary obligation
given either to a firm or to a third person in respect of the transactions of a
firm is, in the absence of agreement to the contrary, revoked as to future
transactions by any change in the constitution of the firm to which, or of the
firm in respect of the transactions of which, the guarantee or obligation was
given. | Revocation of continuing guarantee by change in firm. |
Relations of
Partners to One Another |
20. The mutual rights and duties of partners, whether
ascertained by agreement or defined by this Act, may be varied by the consent
of all the partners, and such consent may be either express or inferred from a
course of dealing. | Variation by consent of terms of partnership. |
21. (1) All property and rights and interest in
property originally brought into the partnership stock or acquired, whether by
purchase or otherwise, on account of the firm, or for the purposes and in the
course of the partnership business, are called in this Act partnership
property, and must be held and applied by the partners exclusively for the
purposes of the partnership and in accordance with the partnership agreement. | Partnership property. |
(2) The legal
estate or interests in any land which belongs to the partnership shall devolve
according to the nature and tenure thereof, and the general rules of law
thereto applicable, but in trust, so far as necessary, for the persons
beneficially interested in the land under this section. |
(3) Where
co-owners of an estate or interest in any land not being itself partnership
property are partners as to profits made by the use of that land or estate, and
purchase other land or estate out of the profits to be used in like manner, the
land or estate so purchased belongs to than, in the absence of an agreement to
the contrary, not as partners, but as co-owners for the same respective estates
and interests as are held by them in the land or estate first mentioned at the
date of the purchase. |
22. Unless the contrary intention appears, property
bought with money belonging to the firm is deemed to have been bought on
account of the firm. | Property bought with partnership money. |
23. Where land has become partnership property, it
shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be treated as between the
partners (including the representatives of a deceased partner), and also as
between the heirs of a deceased partner and his executors or administrators, as
personal and not real estate. | Conversion into personal estate of land held as
partnership property. |
24. (1) A writ of execution shall not issue against
any partnership property except on a judgment against the firm. | Procedure against partnership property for a partner's
separate judgment debt. |
(2) The court may,
on the application by summons of any judgment creditor of a partner, make an
order charging that partner's interest in the partnership property and profits
with payment of the amount of the judgment debt and interest thereon, and may
by the same or a subsequent order appoint a receiver of that partner's share of
profits (whether already declared or accruing), and of any other money which
may be coming to him in respect of the partnership, and direct all accounts and
inquiries, and give all other orders and directions which might have been
directed or given if the charge had been made in favour of the judgment
creditor by the partner, or which the circumstances of the case may require. |
(3) The other
partner or partners shall be at liberty at any time to redeem the interest
charged, or in case of a sale being directed, to purchase the same. |
25. The interests of partners in the partnership
property and their rights and duties in relation to the partnership shall be
determined, subject to any agreement express or implied between the partners,
by the following rules- | Rules as to interests and duties of partners subject
to special agreement. |
(a) all the
partners are entitled to share equally in the capital and profits of the
business, and must contribute equally towards the losses whether of capital or
otherwise sustained by the firm; |
(b) the firm
must indemnify every partner in respect of payments made and personal
liabilities incurred by him- |
(i) in
the ordinary and proper conduct of the business of the firm; |
(ii) in
or about anything necessarily done for the preservation of the business or
property of the firm; |
(c) a partner
making, for the purpose of the partnership, any actual payment or advance
beyond the amount of capital which he has agreed to subscribe, is entitled to
interest at the rate of five per centum per annum from the date of the payment
or advance; |
(d) a partner
is not entitled, before the ascertainment of profits, to interest on the
capital subscribed by him; |
(e) every
partner may take part in the management of the partnership business; |
(f) no partner
shall be entitled to remuneration for acting in the partnership business; |
(g) no person
may be introduced as a partner without the consent of all existing parties; |
(h) any
difference arising as to ordinary matters connected with the partnership
business may be decided by a majority of the partners, but no change may be
made in the nature of the partnership business without the consent of all
existing partners; |
(i) the
partnership books are to be kept at the place of business of the partnership
(or the principal place, if there is more than one), and every partner may,
when he thinks fit, have access to and inspect and copy any of them. |
26. No majority of the partners can expel any partner
unless a power to do so has been conferred by express agreement between the
partners. | Expulsion of partner. |
27. (1) Where no fixed term has been agreed upon for
the duration of the partnership, any partner may determine the partnership at
any time on giving notice of his intention so to do to all the other partners. | Retirement from partnership at will. |
(2) Where the
partnership has originally been constituted by deed, a notice in writing signed
by the partner giving it shall be sufficient for this purpose. |
28. (1) Where a partnership entered into for a fixed
term is continued after the term has expired, and without any express new
agreement, the rights and duties of the partners remain the same as they were
at the expiration of the term, so far as is consistent with the incidents of a
partnership at will. | Where partnership for term is continued over,
continuance on old terms presumed. |
(2) A continuance
of the business by the partners or such of them as habitually acted therein
during the term, without any settlement or liquidation of the partnership
affairs, is presumed to be a continuance of the partnership. |
29. Partners are bound to render true accounts and
full information of all things affecting the partnership to any partner or his
legal representatives. | Duty of partners to render accounts, etc. |
30. (1) Every partner must account to the firm for any
benefit derived by him without the consent of the other partners from any
transaction concerning the partnership, or from any use by him of the
partnership property name or business connection. | Accountability of partners for private profits. |
(2) This section
applies also to transactions undertaken after a partnership has been dissolved
by the death of a partner, and before the affairs thereof have been completely
wound up, either by any surviving partner or by the representatives of the
deceased partner. |
31. If a partner, without the consent of the other
partners, carries on any business of the same nature as and competing with that
of the firm, he must account for and pay over to the firm all profits made by
him in that business. | Duty of partner not to compete with firm. |
32. (1) An assignment by any partner of his share in
the partnership, either absolute or by way of mortgage or redeemable charge,
does not, as against the other partners, entitle the assignee during the
continuance of the partnership, to interfere in the management or
administration of the partnership business or affairs, or to require any
accounts of the partnership transactions, or to inspect the partnership books,
but entitles the assignee only to receive the share of profits to which the
assigning partner would otherwise be entitled, and the assignee must accept the
account of profits agreed to by the partners. | Rights of assignee of share in partnership. |
(2) In case of a
dissolution of the partnership, whether as respects all the partners or as
respects the assigning partner, the assignee is entitled to receive the share
of the partnership assets to which the assigning partner is entitled as between
himself and the other partners, and, for the purpose of ascertaining that
share, to an account as from the date of the dissolution. |
Dissolution of
Partnership and its Consequences |
33. Subject to any agreement between the partners, a
partnership is dissolved- | Dissolution by expiration or notice. |
(a) if entered
into for a fixed term, by the expiration of that term; |
(b) if entered
into for a single adventure or undertaking, by the termination of that
adventure or undertaking; |
(c) if entered
into for an undefined time, by any partner giving notice to the other or others
of his intention to dissolve the partnership. |
In the
last-mentioned case the partnership is dissolved as from the date mentioned in
the notice as the date of dissolution, or, if no date is so mentioned, as from
the date of the communication of the notice. |
34. (1) Subject to any agreement between the partners,
every partnership is dissolved as regards all the partners by the death or
bankruptcy of any partner. | Dissolution by bankruptcy, death or charge. |
(2) A partnership
may, at the option of the other partners, be dissolved if any partner suffers
his share of the partnership property to be charged under this Act for his
separate debt. |
35. A partnership is in every case dissolved by the
happening of any event which makes it unlawful for the business of the firm to
be carried on or for the members of the firm to carry it on in partnership. | Dissolution by illegality of partnership. |
36. On application by a partner the court may decree a
dissolution of the partnership in any of the following cases- | Dissolution by the court. |
(a) when a
partner is shown to the satisfaction of the court to be of permanently unsound
mind; |
(b) when a
partner, other than the partner suing, becomes in any other way permanently
incapable of performing his part of the partnership contract; |
(c) when a
partner, other than the partner suing, has been guilty of such conduct as, in
the opinion of the court, regard being had to the nature of the business, is
calculated to affect prejudicially the carrying on of the business; |
(d) when a
partner, other than the partner suing, wilfully or persistently commits a
breach of the partnership agreement, or otherwise so conducts himself in
matters relating to the partnership business that it is not reasonably
practicable for the other partner or partners to carry on the business in
partnership with him; |
(e) when the
business of the partnership can only be carried on at a loss; |
(f) whenever
in any case circumstances have arisen which, in the opinion of the court,
render it just and equitable that the partnership be dissolved. |
37. (1) Where a person deals with a firm after a
change in its constitution he is entitled to treat all apparent members of the
old firm as still being members of the firm until he has notice of the change. | Rights of persons dealing with firm against apparent
members of firm. |
(2) An
advertisement in the Gazette shall be notice as to persons who had no
dealings with the firm before the date of dissolution or change so advertised. |
(3) The estate of
a partner who dies, or who becomes bankrupt, or of a partner who, not having
been known to the person dealing with the firm to be a partner, retires from
the firm, is not liable for partnership debts contracted after the death,
bankruptcy, or retirement respectively. |
38. On the dissolution of a partnership or retirement
of a partner any partner may publicly notify the same, and may require the
other partner or partners to concur for that purpose in all necessary or proper
acts, if any, which cannot be done without his or their concurrence. | Right of partners to notify dissolution. |
39. After the dissolution of a partnership the
authority of each partner to bind the firm, and the other rights and
obligations of the partners, continue notwithstanding the dissolution so far as
may be necessary to wind up the affairs of the partnership, and to complete
transactions begun but unfinished at the time of the dissolution, but not
otherwise: | Continuing authority of partners for purposes of
winding up. |
Provided that the
firm is in no case bound by the acts of a partner who has become bankrupt; but
this proviso does not affect the liability of any person who has after the
bankruptcy represented himself or knowingly suffered himself to be represented
as a partner of the bankrupt. |
40. On the dissolution of a partnership every partner
is entitled, as against the other partners in the firm, and all persons
claiming through them in respect of their interest as partners, to have the
property of the partnership applied in payment of the debts and liabilities of
the firm, and to have the surplus assets after such payment applied in payment
of what may be due to the partners respectively after deducting what may be due
from them as partners to the firm; and for that purpose any partner or his
representatives may on the termination of the partnership apply to the court to
wind up the business and affairs of the firm. | Rights of partners as to application of partnership
property. |
41. Where one partner has paid a premium to another on
entering into a partnership for a fixed term, and the partnership is dissolved
before the expiration of that term otherwise than by the death of a partner,
the court may order the repayment of the premium, or of such part thereof as it
thinks just, having regard to the terms of the partnership contract and to the
length of time during which the partnership was continued; unless- | Apportionment of premium where partnership prematurely
dissolved. |
(a) the
dissolution is, in the judgment of the court, wholly or chiefly due to the
misconduct of the partner who paid the premium; or |
(b) the
partnership has been dissolved by an agreement containing no provision for a
return of any part of the premium. |
42. Where a partnership contract is rescinded on the
ground of the fraud or misrepresentation of one of the parties thereto, the
party entitled to rescind is, without prejudice to any other right, entitled- | Rights where partnership dissolved for fraud or
misrepresentation. |
(a) to a lien
on, or right of retention of, the surplus of the partnership assets, after
satisfying the partnership liabilities, for any sum of money paid by him for
the purchase of a share in the partnership and for any capital contributed by
him; |
(b) to stand in
the place of the creditors of the firm for any payments made by him in respect
of the partnership liabilities; |
(c) to be
indemnified by the person guilty of the fraud or making the representation
against all the debts and liabilities of the firm. |
43. Where any member of a firm has died or otherwise
ceased to be a partner, and the surviving or continuing partners carry on the
business of the firm with its capital or assets without any final settlement of
accounts as between the firm and the outgoing partner or his estate, then, in
the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the outgoing partner or his
estate is entitled at the option of himself or his representatives to such
share of the profits made since the dissolution as the court may find to be attributable
to the use of his share of the partnership assets, or to interest at the rate
of five per centum per annum on the amount of his share of the partnership
assets: | Right of outgoing partner in certain cases to share
profits made after dissolution. |
Provided that,
where by the partnership contract an option is given to surviving or continuing
partners to purchase the interest of a deceased or out-going partner, and that
option is duly exercised, the estate of the deceased partner, or the outgoing
partner or his estate, as the case may be, is not entitled to any further or
other share of profits; but if any partner assuming to act in exercise of the
option does not in all material respects comply with the terms thereof, he is
liable to account under the foregoing provisions of this section. |
44. Subject to any agreement between the partners, the
amount due from surviving or continuing partners to an outgoing partner or the
representatives of a deceased partner in respect of the outgoing or deceased
partner's share is a debt accruing at the date of the dissolution or death. | Retiring or deceased partner's share to be a debt. |
45. In settling accounts between the partners after a
dissolution of partnership, the following rules shall, subject to any
agreement, be observed- | Rules for distribution of assets on final settlement
of accounts. |
(a) losses,
including losses and deficiencies of capital, shall be paid first out of
profits, next out of capital, and lastly, if necessary, by the partners
individually in the proportion in which they were entitled to share profits; |
(b) the assets
of the firm including the sums, if any, contributed by the partners to make up
losses or deficiencies of capital, shall be applied in the following manner and
order- |
(i) in
paying the debts and liabilities of the firm to persons who are not partners
therein; |
(ii) in
paying to each partner rateably what is due from the firm to him for advances
as distinguished from capital; |
(iii) in
paying to each partner rateably what is due from the firm to him in respect of
capital; |
(iv) the
ultimate residue, if any, shall be divided among the partners in the proportion
in which profits are divisible. |
Supplemental |
46. In this Act, unless the context otherwise
requires- | Interpretation. |
"business"
includes every trade, occupation or profession; |
"court"
means the Supreme Court. |
47. The rules of equity and of common law applicable
to partnership shall continue in force except so far as they are inconsistent
with the express provisions of this Act. | Saving for rules of equity and common law. |