CHAPTER
125
MATRIMONIAL CAUSES |
ARRANGEMENT OF
SECTIONS |
SECTION |
|
|
Judicial Separation |
Decree and effect of judicial separation. |
Proof of petition for judicial separation. |
Property of a wife deserted by her husband
protected. |
Additional power of court in case of criminal
assault upon wife. |
Proceedings before magistrate or court. |
Reversal of decree of judicial separation. |
Wife's alimony may be paid to a trustee. |
A wife to be considered a femme sole
after judicial separation. |
When a wife may be considered a femme sole
for contracts, wrongs, etc. |
Further effect of a decree for judicial
separation. |
A wife's earnings protected or any corporation
who may deal with her. |
|
Protection to persons who make payment to wife. |
Divorce |
Grounds on which a husband or wife may petition
for dissolution of marriage and duty of court in respect of petition. |
Court may order respondent or co-respondent to
be dismissed from suit. |
Grounds for dismissing petition. |
Power of court on proof of petition. |
Void and Voidable
Marriages |
|
|
|
|
Effect of decree on voidable marriage. |
Financial Provisions |
Financial provision and property adjustment
orders. |
Maintenance pending suit. |
Financial provision orders in connection with
matrimonial proceedings. |
Property adjustment orders in connection with
matrimonial proceedings. |
Matters to which court is to have regard in
deciding how to exercise its powers under sections 25, 27 and 28. |
Commencement of proceedings for ancillary
relief. |
Neglect by party to marriage to maintain other
party or child of the family. |
Duration of continuing financial provision
orders in favour of party to marriage and effect of remarriage. |
Duration of continuing financial provision
orders in favour of children, and age limit on making certain orders in their
favour. |
Attachment of earnings or pension to satisfy
financial provision order. |
Variation, discharge, etc., of certain orders
for financial relief. |
Payment of certain arrears unenforceable without
the leave of the court. |
Orders for repayment in certain cases of sums
paid under certain orders. |
Rights of mortgagee not affected. |
Court may make order for occupation of
matrimonial home. |
Sale of home or payment may be directed by
Court. |
Court may vest in parties in common. |
Court may vest tenancy of dwelling house in
petitioner or respondent. |
Landlord to have right to be heard. |
Order in respect of furniture. |
Exclusion of common law rights. |
|
Application of provisions to nullity and
judicial separation. |
Damages, Procedures,
Maintenance Agreements, etc. |
Court may give relief to respondent without the
filing of a petition. |
Abolition of right to claim damages for adultery. |
|
Validity of maintenance agreements. |
Alteration of agreements by court during lives
of parties. |
Alteration of agreements by court after death of
one party. |
Avoidance of transactions intended to prevent or
reduce financial relief. |
Orders for repayment in certain cases of sums
paid after cessation of order by reason of remarriage. |
Payments, etc., under order made in favour of
person suffering from mental disorder. |
Facts arising in proceedings. |
When a question is ordered to be tried by jury,
they may be summoned as in the court. |
Question to be tried to be reduced into writing. |
Issues may be tried in court. |
Every decree for divorce or for nullity of
marriage to be a decree nisi. Liberty to show why decree should not be
made absolute. Attorney-General may intervene. |
Costs of persons intervening. |
Court may send papers to Attorney-General. |
When divorced persons may marry again. |
|
Power to appoint commissioners on Out Islands to
administer oaths. |
Jurisdiction in
Matrimonial Proceedings |
Jurisdiction of Supreme Court. |
Supplemental |
Recognition of overseas decrees. |
Marriage governed by foreign law or celebrated
abroad. |
Presumption of death and dissolution of
marriage. |
Direction for settlement of instrument for
securing payment or effecting property adjustment. |
Abolition of wife's dependent domicile. |
Protection, Custody,
etc., of Children |
Restrictions on decrees for dissolution,
annulment or separation affecting children. |
Orders for custody and education of children
affected by matrimonial issues. |
Power to provide for supervision of children. |
CHAPTER 125 |
MATRIMONIAL CAUSES |
An Act
relating to divorce and matrimonial causes within The Bahamas. | 6 of 1879
18 of 1954
1 of 1957
47 of 1967
7 of 1962
43 of 1964
46 of 1964
9 of 1983
17 of 1988
9 of 1991 |
[Commencement 11th
March, 1879] |
1. This Act may be cited as the Matrimonial Causes Act. | Short title. |
2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires- | Interpretation. |
"adultery"
includes any voluntary act of an intimate sexual nature, other than that
regarded as an act of mere familiarity, between one party to a marriage with
another party of the opposite sex who is not the other spouse and which act is
inconsistent with that sexual fidelity that is presumed in the interest of
public policy to exist between parties to a marriage, or any conduct between a
party to a marriage with another person as afore-mentioned whereby a strong
presumption arises that such sexual act occurred between them; |
"court"
means the Supreme Court. |
"cruelty"
includes voluntary conduct reprehensible in nature or which is a departure from
the normal standards of conjugal kindness on the part of one party to a
marriage thereby occasioning injury to the health of the other spouse or a
reasonable apprehension of it on the part of that other spouse and being
conduct which, after taking due account of all the circumstances of the case,
would be considered to be so grave and weighty a nature that should such other
spouse be called upon to continue to endure it, would be detrimental to his or
her health; |
"desertion"
includes behaviour without cause or excuse on the part of one party to a
marriage towards the other spouse whereby it can reasonably be concluded that
that party intended through such behaviour to bring the matrimonial consortium
to an end. |
Judicial
Separation |
3. (1) A petition for judicial separation may be
presented to the court by either party to a marriage on any of the grounds
which a petition for divorce may be presented under section 16. | Decree and effect of judicial separation. |
(2) The grant of a
decree of judicial separation does not have the effect of dissolving a marriage
though it shall no longer be obligatory for the petitioner to cohabit with the
respondent as long as the decree is in effect. |
(3) A person shall
not be prevented from presenting a petition for divorce, or the court from
granting a decree of divorce, by reason only that the petitioner or respondent
has at any time, on the same facts or substantially the same facts as those
proved in support of the petition, been granted a decree of judicial separation
or an order under section 4(1) of the Matrimonial Causes (Summary
Jurisdiction) Act. |
(4) On a petition
for divorce in such a case as is mentioned in subsection (3) the court may
treat the decree of judicial separation or order as sufficient proof of any
adultery, desertion or other fact by reference to which it was granted, but
shall not grant a decree of divorce without receiving evidence from the
petitioner. |
(5) Where a
petition for divorce in such a case follows a decree of judicial separation or
an order containing a provision exempting one party to the marriage from the
obligation to cohabit with the other, for the purposes of that petition a
period of desertion immediately preceding the institution of the proceedings
for the decree or order shall, if the parties have not resumed cohabitation and
the decree or order has been continuously in force since it was granted, be
deemed immediately to precede the presentation of the petition. |
4. (1) On the hearing of a petition for judicial
separation the court, on being satisfied of the truth of the allegations
therein contained and that there is no legal ground why the petition should not
be granted, may subject to subsection (2) grant a decree of judicial
separation. | Proof of petition for judicial separation. |
(2) Sections
16(2), (3), 17 and 18 shall, as they apply to divorce, apply mutatis
mutandis to a petition for judicial separation. |
5. A wife deserted by her husband may, at any time
after such desertion, apply to the court, or to a magistrate, for an order to
protect any money or property she may acquire by her own lawful industry, and
property which she may become possessed of after such desertion, against her
husband or his creditors, or any person claiming under him, and the court or
magistrate, if satisfied of the fact of such desertion, and that the same was
without reasonable cause, and that the wife is maintaining herself by her own
industry, or property, may make and give to the wife an order protecting her
earnings and property acquired since the commencement of such desertion, from
her husband and all creditors and persons claiming under him, and such earnings
and property shall belong to the wife as if she were a femme sole: | Property of a wife deserted by her husband protected. |
Provided that
every such order, when made by a magistrate, shall, within ten days after the
making thereof, if made in New Providence, and within thirty days if made
elsewhere, be entered with the Registrar of the court, and that it shall be
lawful for the husband and any creditor or other person claiming under him, to
apply to the court or to the magistrate by whom such order was made for the
discharge thereof; |
Provided also
that, if the husband shall seize or continue to hold any property of the wife,
after notice of any such order, he shall be liable at the suit of the wife
(which she is hereby empowered to bring) to restore the specific property, and
also for a sum equal to double the value of the property so seized or held
after such notice as aforesaid: |
Provided further
that if any such order of protection be made, the wife shall, during the
continuance thereof, be and be deemed to have been during such desertion of her
in the like position in all respects with regard to property and contracts, and
suing and being sued as she would be under this Act if she obtained a decree of
judicial separation ground why the petition should not be granted, may subject
to subsection (2) grant a decree of judicial separation. |
6. (1) If a husband shall be convicted summarily or
otherwise of an aggravated assault upon his wife, the court or magistrate
before whom he shall be so convicted may, if satisfied that the future safety
of the wife is in peril, and with the consent of the wife order that the wife
shall be no longer bound to cohabit with her husband. | Additional power of court in case of criminal assault
upon wife. |
(2) An order under
subsection (1) shall have the force and effect in all respects of a judicial
separation on the ground of cruelty and such order may further make provision
in respect to |
(a) the
maintenance of the wife; |
(b) the
maintenance and custody of any children of the family, |
as if such
order were an order being made by the court or the magistrate in or ancillary
to proceedings for judicial separation under this Act or proceedings pursuant
to section 3 of the Matrimonial Causes (Summary Jurisdiction) Act. |
7. The proceedings before magistrates under this Act
shall be governed by the provisions of the Magistrates Act, as well in
enforcing orders made as in investigating complaints preferred, and the
proceedings before the Supreme Court shall be regulated by such rules as the
Rules Committee under section 75 of the Supreme Court Act may from time
to time make and enact for the purpose, and in all such proceedings the
parties, husband and wife, shall be competent witnesses for both parties. | Proceedings before magistrate or court. |
8. Any husband or wife, upon the application of whose
wife or husband, as the case may be, a decree of judicial separation has been
pronounced, may at any time thereafter present a petition to the court, praying
for a reversal of such decree on the ground that it was obtained in his or her
absence, and that there was reasonable ground for the alleged desertion, where
desertion was the ground of such decree, and the court may, on being satisfied
of the truth of the allegations of such petition, reverse the decree
accordingly, but the reversal thereof shall not prejudice or affect the rights
or remedies which any other person would have had in case such reversal had not
been decreed in respect of any debts, contracts or acts of the wife incurred,
entered into or done between the time of the sentence of separation and of the
reversal thereof. | Reversal of decree of judicial separation |
9. In all cases in which the court shall make any
decree or order for a sum to be paid under section 26 or 27, it may direct the
same to be paid either to the wife herself, or to any trustee on her behalf, to
be approved of by the court, and may impose any term or restriction which to
the court may seem expedient, and may from time to time appoint a new trustee,
if for any reason it shall appear to the court expedient so to do. | Wife's alimony may be paid to a trustee. |
10. In every case of a judicial separation the wife
shall from the date of the sentence, and whilst the separation shall continue,
be considered as a femme sole with respect to property of every
description which she may acquire or which may come to, or devolve upon her,
and such property may be disposed of by her in all respects as a femme sole,
and on her decease the same shall, in ease she shall die intestate, go as the
same would have gone if her husband had been dead: | A wife to be considered a femme sole after
judicial separation. |
Provided that if
any such wife should again cohabit with her husband, all such property as she
may be entitled to, when such cohabitation shall take place, shall be held to
her separate use, subject, however, to any agreement in writing made between
herself and her husband whilst separate. |
11. In every case of a judicial separation, the wife
shall, while so separated, be considered as a femme sole, for the
purposes of contract and wrongs and injuries, and suing and being sued in any
civil proceeding, and her husband shall not be liable in respect of any
engagement or contract she may have entered into, or for any wrongful act or
omission by her, or for any costs she may incur as plaintiff or defendant: | When a wife may be considered a femme sole for
contracts, wrongs, etc. |
Provided that
where upon any such judicial separation alimony has been decreed or ordered to
be paid to the wife, and the same shall not be duly paid by the husband, he
shall be liable for necessaries supplied for her use: |
Provided also that
nothing shall prevent the wife from joining, at any time during such
separation, in the exercise of any joint power given to herself and her
husband. |
12. The provisions of this Act respecting the property
of a wife who has obtained a decree for judicial separation or an order for
protection shall be deemed to extend to property to which such wife has become,
or shall become, entitled, as executrix, administratrix or trustee since the
sentence of separation, or the commencement of the desertion (as the case may
be); and the death of the testator, or intestate, shall be deemed to be the
time when such wife became entitled as executrix or administratrix. | Further effect of a decree for judicial separation. |
13. In every case in which a wife shall under this Act
have obtained an order to protect her earnings or property, or a decree for
judicial separation, such order or decree shall, until reversed or discharged,
so far as necessary for the protection of any person or corporation who shall
deal with the wife, be deemed valid and effectual, and no discharge, variation
or reversal of such order or decree shall prejudice or affect any rights or
remedies which any person shall have had, in case the same had not been so
reversed, varied or discharged in respect to any debts, contracts or acts of
the wife incurred, entered into or done between the times of the making such
order or decree and of the discharge, variation or reversal thereof, and
property of, or to which the wife is possessed or entitled, for an estate in
remainder or reversion at the date of the desertion or decree (as the case may
be), shall be deemed to be included in the protection given by the order or
decree. | A wife's earnings protected or any corporation who may
deal with her. |
14. Every order which shall be obtained by a wife
under this Act, for the protection of her earnings or property, shall state the
time at which the desertion in consequence whereof the order is made commenced.
And the order shall, as regards all persons dealing with such wife in reliance
thereon, be conclusive as to the time when such desertion commenced. | Date of protection. |
15. All persons and corporations who shall in reliance
on any such order or decree as aforesaid, make any payment to, or permit any
transfer or act to be made or done by the wife who has obtained the same, shall,
notwithstanding such order or decree may then have been discharged, reversed or
varied, or the separation of the wife from her husband may have ceased, or at
some time since the making of the order or decree been discontinued, be
protected and indemnified in the same way in all respects as if at the time of
such payment, transfer or other act such order or decree were valid and still
subsisting without variation, in full force and effect, and the separation of
the wife from her husband had not ceased or been discontinued, unless at the
time of such payment, transfer or other act, such persons or corporations had
notice of the discharge, reversal or variation of such order or decree, or of
the cessation or discontinuance of such separation. | Protection to persons who make payment to wife. |
Divorce |
16. (1) A petition for divorce may be presented to the
court either by the husband or the wife on any of the following grounds that
the respondent- | Grounds on which a husband or wife may petition for
dissolution of marriage and duty of court in respect of petition. |
(a) has since
the celebration of the marriage committed adultery; or |
(b) has since
the celebration of the marriage treated the petitioner with cruelty; or |
(c) has
deserted the petitioner for a continuous period of at least two years
immediately preceding the presentation of the petition; or |
(d) has lived
separate and apart from the petitioner for a continuous period of at least five
years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition; or |
(e) has, since
the celebration of the marriage been guilty of a homosexual act, sodomy or has
had sexual relations with an animal: |
Provided that a
wife may also petition on the ground that her husband has since such
celebration been guilty of rape. |
(2) On a petition
for divorce presented by the husband on the ground of adultery or in any other
pleading praying for divorce on that ground, the husband shall make the alleged
adulterer a co-respondent unless excused by the court on special grounds from
doing so. |
(3) On a petition
for divorce presented by the wife on the ground of adultery the court may, if
it thinks fit, direct that the alleged adulteress be made a respondent. |
(4) On a petition
for divorce it shall be the duty of the court- |
(a) to inquire,
so far as it reasonably can, into the facts alleged and whether there has been
any connivance or condonation on the part of the petitioner and whether any
collusion exists between the parties; and |
(b) to inquire
into any counter charges made against the petitioner. |
(5) For the
purposes of subsection (1)(c) the court may treat a period of desertion as
having continued at a time when the deserting party was incapable of continuing
the necessary intention if the evidence before the court is such that, had that
party not been so incapable, the court would have inferred that his desertion
continued at that time. |
(6) In considering
for the purposes of subsection (1) whether the period for which the respondent
has deserted the petitioner or has lived separate and apart from the petitioner
has been continuous, no account shall be taken of any one period (not exceeding
three months) or of any two or more periods (not exceeding three months in all)
during which the parties resumed cohabitation but no period during which the
parties cohabited shall count as part of the period of desertion or of the
period for which they lived separate and apart, as the case may be. |
(7) Subject to
subsection (8) no petition for divorce other than that based on facts existing,
and constituting a ground for divorce, prior to the coming into operation of
this subsection shall be presented to the court before the expiration of the
period of two years from the date of marriage (hereinafter in this section
referred to as "the specified period"). |
(8) The court may,
on application made to it, allow the presentation of a petition for divorce
within the specified period on it being satisfied that there is no reasonable
probability of a reconciliation between the parties during the specified
period. |
(9) If it appears
to the court, at the hearing of a petition for divorce presented in pursuance
of leave granted under subsection (8) that the leave was obtained by the
petitioner by any misrepresentation the court may- |
(a) dismiss the
petition, without prejudice to any petition which may be brought after the
expiration of the specified period upon the same facts, or substantially the
same facts, as those proved in support of the dismissed petition; or |
(b) if it
grants a decree, direct that no application to make the decree absolute shall
be made during the specified period. |
(10) Nothing in
this section shall be deemed to prohibit the presentation of a petition based
upon matters which occurred before the expiration of the specified period. |
(11) If at any
stage of proceedings for divorce it appears to the court that there is a
reasonable probability of reconciliation between the parties to the marriage,
the court may, without prejudice to any other power, adjourn the proceedings
for such period as it thinks fit to enable attempts to be made to effect such a
reconciliation. |
17. In all cases in which, on the petition of a
husband for a divorce, the alleged adulterer is made a co-respondent, or in
which, on the petition of a wife, the person with whom the husband is alleged
to have committed adultery is made a respondent, it shall be lawful for the
court, after the close of the evidence on the part of the petitioner, to direct
such co-respondent or respondent to be dismissed from the suit, if it shall
think there is not sufficient evidence against him or her. | Court may order respondent or co-respondent to be
dismissed from suit. |
18. The court may dismiss a petition for divorce if: | Grounds for dismissing petition. |
(a) it is not
satisfied on the evidence that the case for the petitioner has been proved; or |
(b) it finds
that the petition is presented or prosecuted in collusion with the respondent
or either of the respondents; or |
(c) it finds
that the petitioner has during the marriage been guilty of adultery; or |
(d) in its
opinion the petitioner has been guilty- |
(i) of
unreasonable delay in presenting or prosecuting the petition; or |
(ii) of
cruelty towards the other party to the marriage; or |
(iii) where
the ground of the petition is adultery or cruelty, of having without reasonable
excuse either deserted or wilfully separated himself or herself from the other
party before the adultery or cruelty; or |
(iv) where
the ground of the petition is adultery or desertion, of such wilful neglect or
misconduct as has conduced to the adultery or desertion. |
19. (1) If the court is satisfied on the evidence that
the case for the petitioner has been proved and- | Power of court on proof of petition. |
(a) where the
ground of the petition is adultery, that the petitioner has not in any manner
accessory to or connived at or condoned the adultery; |
(b) where the
ground of the petition is cruelty that the petitioner, has not in any manner
condoned the cruelty, |
the court
shall, subject to section 18 grant a decree declaring the marriage to be
dissolved; and if the court is not satisfied with respect to any of the matters
aforesaid; it shall dismiss the petition; |
(2) The respondent
to a petition for divorce in which the petitioner alleges five years'
separation may oppose the grant of a decree on the ground that the dissolution
of the marriage will result in grave financial or other hardship to the
respondent and that it would in all the circumstances be wrong to dissolve the
marriage. |
(3) Where the
grant of a decree is opposed by virtue of subsection (2), then- |
(a) if the
court finds that the petitioner is entitled to rely in support of his petition
on the fact of five years' separation and makes no such finding as to any other
fact mentioned in section 16(1), and |
(b) if apart
from this section the court would grant a decree on the petition, |
the court
shall consider all the circumstances, including the conduct of the parties to
the marriage and the interests of those parties and of any children or other
persons concerned, and if of opinion that the dissolution of the marriage will
result in grave financial or other hardship to the respondent and that it would
in all the circumstances be wrong to dissolve the marriage it shall dismiss the
petition. |
(4) For the
purposes of this section hardship shall include the loss of the chance of
acquiring any benefit which the respondent might acquire if the marriage were
not dissolved. |
Void and Voidable
Marriages |
20. A husband or wife may present a petition to the
court praying that his or her marriage may be declared null and void on any of
the grounds mentioned in section 21 or 22. | Petition for nullity |
21. (1) A marriage shall be void on any of the
following grounds: | Void marriage. |
(a) that it is
not a valid marriage in accordance with the provisions of the Marriage Act; |
(b) that at the
time of the marriage, either party was already lawfully married; |
(c) that the
parties are not respectively male and female; or |
(d) that in the
case of a polygamous marriage entered into outside The Bahamas, either party
was domiciled in The Bahamas. |
(2) For the
purposes of paragraph (d) of subsection (1), a marriage may be polygamous
although at its inception neither party has any spouse additional to the other. |
22. A marriage celebrated after the 31st July, 1971,
shall be voidable on any of the following grounds: | Voidable marriage. |
(a) that the
marriage has not been consummated owing to the incapacity of either party to
consummate it; |
(b) that the
marriage has not been consummated owing to the wilful refusal of the respondent
to consummate it; |
(c) that either
party to the marriage did not validly consent to it whether in consequence of
duress, mistake, unsoundness of mind or otherwise; |
(d) that at the
time of the marriage either party to the marriage though capable of giving
valid consent, was suffering from a mental disorder within the meaning of the Mental Health Act of such a kind or to
such an extent as to be unfitted for marriage; |
(e) that at the
time of the marriage the respondent was suffering from venereal disease in a
communicable form; |
(f) that at
the time of the marriage the respondent was pregnant by some person other than
the petitioner. |
23. If the court is satisfied on the evidence of any
such fact as is mentioned in section 22, it shall, subject to the provisions of
this section, grant a decree annulling the marriage: | Decree of nullity. |
Provided that the
court shall not grant such a decree- |
(a) if the
court is satisfied on the evidence, that the petitioner, with knowledge that it
was open to him to have the marriage avoided, so conducted himself in relation
to the respondent as to lead the respondent reasonably to believe that he would
not seek to do so, and that it would be unjust to the respondent to grant the
decree; |
(b) without
prejudice to paragraph (a), on any of the grounds mentioned in paragraphs (c),
(d), (e) or (f) of section 22, unless the proceedings are instituted within one
year from the date of the marriage; |
(c) without
prejudice to paragraphs (a) and (b) on any of the grounds mentioned in
paragraphs (e) or (f) of section 22, unless the court is satisfied that the
petitioner was at the date of the marriage ignorant of the facts alleged; or |
(d) if the
court is satisfied that the petition is presented by the petitioner in
collusion with the respondent. |
24. (1) A decree of nullity granted after the 31st
July, 1971, in respect of a voidable marriage, shall operate to annul the marriage
only as respects any time after the decree has been made absolute and the
marriage shall, notwithstanding the decree, be treated as if it had existed up
to that time. | Effect of decree on voidable marriage. |
(2) Where a decree
of nullity was granted on or before 31st July, 1971, in respect of a voidable
marriage, any child who would have been the legitimate child of the parties to
the marriage if by the decree the marriage had been dissolved and not annulled,
shall be deemed to be the legitimate child of the parties. |
25. (1) The financial provision orders for the
purposes of this Act are the orders for periodical or lump sum provision
available (subject to the provisions of this Act) under section 27 for the
purpose of adjusting the financial position of the parties to a marriage and
any children of the family in connection with proceedings for divorce, nullity
of marriage or judicial separation and under section 31(6) on proof of neglect
by one party to a marriage to provide, or to make a proper contribution
towards, reasonable maintenance for the other or a child of the family, that is
to say- | Financial provision and property adjustment orders. |
(a) any order
for periodical payments in favour of a party to a marriage under section
27(1)(a) or 31(6)(a) or in favour of a child of the family under section
27(1)(d), (2) or (4) or 31(6)(d); |
(b) any order
for secured periodical payments in favour of a party to a marriage under
section 27(1)(b) or 31(6)(b) or in favour of a child of the family under section
27(1)(e), (2) or (4) or 31(6)(e); and |
(c) any order
for lump sum provision in favour of a party to a marriage under section
27(1)(c) or 31(6)(c) or in favour of a child of the family under section
27(1)(f), (2) or (4) or 31(6)(f); |
and
references in this Act to periodical payments orders, secured periodical
payments orders, and orders for the payment of a lump sum are references to all
or some of the financial provision orders requiring the sort of financial
provision in question according as the context of each reference may require. |
(2) The property
adjustment orders for the purposes of this Act are the orders dealing with
property rights available (subject to the provisions of this Act) under section
28 for the purpose of adjusting the financial position of the parties to a
marriage and any children of the family on or after the grant of a decree of
divorce, nullity of marriage or judicial separation, that is to say- |
(a) any order
under subsection (1)(a) of that section for a transfer of property; |
(b) any order
under subsection (1)(b) of that section for a settlement of property; and |
(c) any order
under subsection (1)(c) or (d) of that section for a variation of settlement. |
(3) Where the court
makes under section 27 or 28 a secured periodical payments order, an order for
the payment of a lump sum or a property adjustment order, then on making that
order or at any time thereafter, the court may make a further order for the
sale of such property as may be specified in the order, being property in which
or in the proceeds of sale in which either or both of the parties to the
marriage has or have a beneficial interest, either in possession or reversion. |
(4) Any order made
under subsection (3) may contain such consequential or supplementary provisions
as the court thinks fit and, without prejudice to the generality of the
foregoing provision, may include- |
(a) provision
requiring the making of a payment out of the proceeds of sale of the property to
which the order relates, and |
(b) provision
requiring any such property to be offered for sale to a person, or class of
persons, specified in the order. |
(5) Where an order
is made under subsection (3) on or after the grant of a decree of divorce or
nullity of marriage, the order shall not take effect unless the decree has been
made absolute. |
(6) Where an order
is made under subsection (3) the court may direct that the order, or such
provision thereof as the court may specify, shall not take effect until the
occurrence of an event specified by the court or the expiration of a period so
specified. |
(7) Where an order
under subsection (3) contains a provision requiring the proceeds of sale of the
property to which the order relates to be used to secure periodical payments to
a party to the marriage, the order shall cease to have effect on the death or
re-marriage of that person. |
(8) For the
purposes of this and the ensuing sections of this Act- |
(a) "child",
in relation to one or both of the parties to a marriage, includes an
illegitimate or adopted child of that party or, as the case may be, of both
parties; |
(b) "child
of the family", in relation to the parties to a marriage, means- |
(i) a
child of both of those parties; and |
(ii) any
other child of either party; |
(c) "custody",
in relation to a child, includes access to the child; |
(d) "education"
includes training. |
26. On a petition for divorce, nullity of marriage or
judicial separation, the court may make an order for maintenance pending suit,
that is to say, an order requiring either party to the marriage to make to the
other such periodical payments for his or her maintenance and for such term,
being a term beginning not earlier than the date of the presentation of the
petition and ending with the date of the determination of the suit, as the
court thinks reasonable. | Maintenance pending suit. |
27. (1) On granting a decree of divorce, a decree of
nullity of marriage or a decree of judicial separation or at any time
thereafter (whether, in the case of a decree of divorce or of nullity of
marriage, before or after the decree is made absolute), the court may make any
one or more of the following orders, that is to say- | Financial provision orders in connection with
matrimonial proceedings. |
(a) an order
that either party to the marriage shall make to the other such periodical
payments, for such term, as may be specified in the order; |
(b) an order
that either party to the marriage shall secure to the other to the satisfaction
of the court such periodical payments, for such term, as may be so specified; |
(c) an order
that either party to the marriage shall pay to the other such lump sum or sums
as may be so specified; |
(d) an order
that a party to the marriage shall make to such person as may be specified in
the order for the benefit of a child of the family, or to such a child, such
periodical payments, for such term, as may be so specified; |
(e) an order
that a party to the marriage shall secure to such person as may be so specified
for the benefit of such a child, or to such a child, to the satisfaction of the
court, such periodical payments, for such term, as may be so specified; |
(f) an order
that a party to the marriage shall pay to such person as may be so specified
for the benefit of such a child, or to such a child, such lump sum as may be so
specified; |
subject,
however, in the case of an order under paragraph (d), (e) or (f) to the
restrictions imposed by section 33(1) and (3) on the making of financial
provision order in favour of children who have attained the age of eighteen. |
(2) The court may
also, subject to those restrictions make any one or more of the orders
mentioned in subsection (1)(d), (e) and (f)- |
(a) in any
proceedings for divorce, nullity of marriage or judicial separation, before
granting a decree; and |
(b) where any
such proceedings are dismissed after the beginning of the trial, either
forthwith or within a reasonable period after the dismissal. |
(3) Without
prejudice to the generality of subsection (1)(c) or (f)- |
(a) an order
under this section that a party to a marriage shall pay a lump sum to the other
party may be made for the purpose of enabling that other party to meet any
liabilities or expenses reasonably incurred by him or her in maintaining
himself or herself or any child of the family before making an application for
an order under this section in his or her favour; |
(b) an order
under this section for the payment of a lump sum to or for the benefit of a
child of the family may be made for the purpose of enabling any liabilities or
expenses reasonably incurred by or for the benefit of that child before the
making of an application for an order under this section in his favour to be
met; and |
(c) an order
under this section for the payment of a lump sum may provide for the payment of
that sum by instalments of such amount as may be specified in the order and may
require the payment of the instalments to be secured to the satisfaction of the
court. |
(4) The power of
the court under subsection (1) or (2)(a) to make an order in favour of a child
of the family shall be exercisable from time to time; and where the court makes
an order in favour of a child under subsection (2)(b) it may from time to time,
subject to the restrictions mentioned in subsection (1) make a further order in
his favour of any of the kinds mentioned in subsection (1)(d), (e) or (f). |
(5) Without
prejudice to the power to give a direction under section 71 for the settlement
of an instrument by counsel, where an order is made under subsection (1)(a),
(b) or (c) on or after granting a decree of divorce or nullity of marriage,
neither the order nor any settlement made in pursuance of the order shall take
effect unless the decree has been made absolute. |
28. (1) On granting a decree of divorce, a decree of
nullity of marriage or a decree of judicial separation or at any time
thereafter (whether, in the case of a decree of divorce or of nullity of
marriage, before or after the decree is made absolute), the court may make any
one or more of the following orders, that is to say- | Property adjustment orders in connection with
matrimonial proceedings. |
(a) an order
that a party to the marriage shall transfer to the other party, to any child of
the family or to such person as may be specified in the order for the benefit
of such a child such property as may be so specified, being property to which
the first-mentioned party is entitled, either in possession or reversion; |
(b) an order
that a settlement of such property as may be so specified, being property to
which a party to the marriage is so entitled, be made to the satisfaction of
the court for the benefit of the other party to the marriage and of the
children of the family or either or any of them; |
(c) an order
varying for the benefit of the parties to the marriage and of the children of
the family or either or any of them any ante-nuptial or post-nuptial settlement
(including such a settlement made by will or codicil) made on the parties to
the marriage; |
(d) an order
extinguishing or reducing the interest of either of the parties to the marriage
under any such settlement; |
subject,
however, in the case of an order under paragraph (a) to the restrictions
imposed by section 33(1) and (3) on the making of orders for a transfer of
property in favour of children who have attained the age of eighteen. |
(2) The court may
make an order under subsection (1)(c) notwithstanding that there are no
children of the family. |
(3) Without
prejudice to the power to give direction under section 71 for the settlement of
an instrument by counsel, where an order is made under this section on or after
granting a decree of divorce or nullity of marriage, neither the order nor any
settlement made in pursuance of the order shall take effect unless the decree
has been made absolute. |
29. (1) It shall be the duty of the court in deciding
whether to exercise its powers under section 25(3) or 27(1)(a), (b) or (c) or
28 in relation to a party to a marriage and, if so, in what manner, to have
regard to all the circumstances of the case including the following matters
that is to say- | Matters to which court is to have regard in deciding
how to exercise its powers under sections 25, 27 and 28. |
(a) the income,
earning capacity, property and other financial resources which each of the
parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future; |
(b) the
financial needs, obligations and responsibilities which each of the parties to
the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future; |
(c) the
standard of living enjoyed by the family before the breakdown of the marriage; |
(d) the age of
each party to the marriage and the duration of the marriage; |
(e) any
physical or mental disability of either of the parties to the marriage; |
(f) the
contribution made by each of the parties to the welfare of the family,
including any contribution made by looking after the home or caring for the
family; |
(g) in the case
of proceedings for divorce or nullity of marriage, the value to either of the
parties to the marriage of any benefit (for example, a pension) which, by
reason of the dissolution or annulment of the marriage, that party will lose
the chance of acquiring; |
and so to
exercise those powers as to place the parties, so far as it is practicable and,
having regard to their conduct, just to do so, in the financial position in
which they would have been if the marriage had not broken down and each had
properly discharged his or her financial obligations and responsibilities
towards the other. |
(2) Without
prejudice to subsection (3) it shall be the duty of the court in deciding
whether to exercise its powers under section 27(1)(d), (e) or (f), (2) or (4)
or 28 in relation to a child of the family and, if so, in what manner, to have
regard to all the circumstances of the case including the following matters,
that it to say- |
(a) the
financial needs of the child; |
(b) the income,
earning capacity (if any), property and other financial resources of the child; |
(c) any
physical or mental disability of the child; |
(d) the
standard of living enjoyed by the family before the breakdown of the marriage; |
(e) the manner
in which he was being and in which the parties to the marriage expected him to
be educated or trained; |
and so to
exercise those powers as to place the child, so far as it is practicable and,
having regard to the considerations mentioned in relation to the parties to the
marriage in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1) just to do so, in the
financial position in which the child would have been if the marriage had not
broken down and each of those parties had properly discharged his or her
financial obligations and responsibilities towards him. |
(3) It shall be
the duty of the court in deciding whether to exercise its powers under section
27(1)(d), (e) or (f), (2) or (4) or 28 against a party to a marriage in favour
of a child of the family who is not the child of that party and, if so, in what
manner, to have regard (among the circumstances of the case)- |
(a) to whether
that party had assumed any responsibility for the child's maintenance and, if
so, to the extent to which, and the basis upon which, that party assumed such
responsibility and to the length of time for which that party discharged such
responsibility; |
(b) to whether
in assuming and discharging such responsibility that party did so knowing that
the child was no his or her own; |
(c) to the
liability of any other person to maintain the child. |
(4) Where a party
to a marriage has a beneficial interest in any property, or in the proceeds of
sale thereof, and some other person who is not a party to the marriage also has
a beneficial interest in that property or in the proceeds of sale thereof,
then, before deciding whether to make an order under section 25(3) in relation
to that property, it shall be the duty of the court to give that other person
an opportunity to make representations with respect to the order; and any
representations made by that other person shall be included among the
circumstances to which the court is required to have regard under this section. |
(5) Without
prejudice to subsection (1) where the court grants a divorce on the basis of
the ground specified in section 16(1)(d) the court, in exercising the powers
referred to in subsection (1), shall have particular regard to the conduct of
the petitioner where the evidence discloses that but for the misconduct of the
petitioner the parties would not have lived separate and apart. |
30. (1) Where a petition for divorce, nullity of
marriage or judicial separation has been presented, then, subject to subsection
(2) proceedings for maintenance pending suit under section 26, for a financial
provision order under section 27, or for a property adjustment order may be begun,
subject to and in accordance with rules of court, at any time after the
presentation of the petition. | Commencement of proceedings for ancillary relief. |
(2) Rules of court
may provide, in such cases as may be prescribed by the rules- |
(a) that
applications for any such relief as is mentioned in subsection (1) shall be
made in the petition or answer; and |
(b) that
applications for any such relief which are not so made, or are not made until
after the expiration of such period following the presentation of the petition
or filing of the answer as may be so prescribed, shall be made only with the
leave of the court. |
31. (1) Either party to a marriage may apply to the
court for an order under this section on the ground that the other party to the
marriage (in this section referred to as the respondent)- | Neglect by party to marriage to maintain other party
or child of the family. |
(a) being the
husband, has wilfully neglected- |
(i) to
provide reasonable maintenance for the applicant, or |
(ii) to
provide, or to make a proper contribution towards, reasonable maintenance for
any child of the family to whom this section applies; |
(b) being the
wife, has wilfully neglected to provide, or to make a proper contribution
towards, reasonable maintenance- |
(i) for
the applicant in a case where, by reason of the impairment of the applicant's
earning capacity through age, illness or disability of mind or body, and having
regard to any resources of the applicant and the respondent respectively which
are, or should properly be made, available for the purpose, it is reasonable in
all the circumstances to expect the respondent so to provide or contribute, or |
(ii) for
any child of the family to whom this section applies. |
(2) The court
shall not entertain an application under this section unless- |
(a) the
applicant or the respondent is domiciled in The Bahamas on the date of the
application; or |
(b) the
applicant has been habitually resident there throughout the period of one year
ending with that date; or |
(c) the
respondent is resident there on that date. |
(3) This section
applies to any child of the family for whose maintenance it is reasonable in
all the circumstances to expect the respondent to provide or towards whose
maintenance it is reasonable in all the circumstances to expect the respondent
to make a proper contribution. |
(4) Where the
child of the family to whom the application under this section relates is not
the child of the respondent, then, in deciding- |
(a) whether the
respondent had been guilty of wilful neglect to provide, or to make a proper
contribution towards, reasonable maintenance for the child, and |
(b) what order,
if any, to make under this section in favour of the child |
the court
shall have regard to the matters mentioned in section 29(3). |
(5) Where on an
application under this section it appears to the court that the applicant or
any child of the family to whom the application relates is in immediate need of
financial assistance, but it is not yet possible to determine what order, if
any, should be made on the application, the court may make an interim order for
maintenance, that is to say, an order requiring the respondent to make to the
applicant until the determination of the application such periodical payments
as the court thinks reasonable. |
(6) Where on an
application under this section the applicant satisfies the court of any ground
mentioned in subsection (1) the court may make such one or more of the
following orders as it thinks just, that is to say- |
(a) an order
that the respondent shall make to the applicant such periodical payments, for
such term, as may be specified in the order; |
(b) an order
that the respondent shall secure to the applicant, to the satisfaction of the
court, such periodical payments, for such term, as may be so specified; |
(c) an order
that the respondent shall pay to the applicant such lump sum as may be so
specified; |
(d) an order
that the respondent shall make to such person as may be specified in the order
for the benefit of the child to whom the application relates, or to that child,
such periodical payments, for such term, as may be so specified; |
(e) an order
that the respondent shall secure to such person as may be so specified for the
benefit of that child, or to that child, to the satisfaction of the court, such
periodical payments, for such term, as may be so specified; |
(f) an order
that the respondent shall pay to such persons as may be so specified for the
benefit of that child, or to that child, such lump sum as may be so specified; |
subject,
however, in the case of an order under paragraph (d), (e) or (f), to the
restrictions imposed by section 33(1) and (3) on the making of financial
provision orders in favour of children who have attained the age of eighteen. |
(7) Without
prejudice to the generality of subsection (6)(c) or (f) an order under this
section for the payment of a lump sum- |
(a) may be made
for the purpose of enabling any liabilities or expenses reasonably incurred in
maintaining the applicant or any child of the family to whom the application
relates before the making of the application to be met; |
(b) may provide
for the payment of that sum by instalments of such amount as may be specified
in the order and may require the payment of the instalments to be secured to
the satisfaction of the court. |
(8) For the
purpose of proceedings on an application under this section adultery which has
been condoned shall not be capable of being revived, and any presumption of
condonation which arises from the continuance or resumption of marital
intercourse may be rebutted by evidence sufficient to negative the necessary
intent. |
32. (1) The term to be specified in a periodical
payments order in favour of a party to a marriage shall be such term as the
court thinks fit, subject to the following limits, that is to say- | Duration of continuing financial provision orders in
favour of party to marriage, and effect of remarriage. |
(a) in the case
of a periodical payments order, the term shall begin not earlier than the date
of the making of an application for the order and shall be so defined as not to
extend beyond the death of either of the parties to the marriage or, where the
order is made on or after the grant of a decree of divorce or nullity of
marriage, the remarriage of the party in whose favour the order is made; and |
(b) in the case
of a secured periodical payments order, the term shall begin not earlier than
the date of the making of an application for the order, and shall be so defined
as not to extend beyond the death or, where the order is made on or after the
grant of such a decree, the remarriage of the party in whose favour the order
is made. |
(2) Where a
periodical payments or secured periodical payments order in favour of a party
to a marriage is made otherwise than on or after the grant of a decree of
divorce or nullity of marriage, and the marriage in question is subsequently
dissolved or annulled but the order continues in force, the order shall,
notwithstanding anything in it, cease to have effect on the remarriage of that
party, except in relation to any arrears due under it on the date of the
remarriage. |
(3) If after the
grant of a decree dissolving or annulling a marriage either party to that
marriage remarries, that party shall not be entitled to apply, by reference to
the grant of that decree, for a financial provision order in his or her favour,
or for a property adjustment order, against the other party to that marriage. |
33. (1) Subject to subsection (3) no financial
provision order and no order for a transfer of property under section 28(1)(a)
shall be made in favour of a child who has attained the age of eighteen. | Duration of continuing financial provision orders in
favour of children, and age limit on making certain orders in their favour. |
(2) The term to be
specified in a periodical payments or secured periodical payments order in
favour of a child may begin with the date of the making of an application for
the order in question but shall not in any event, subject to
subsection (3) extend beyond the date of the child's eighteenth birthday. |
(3) Subsection (1)
and subsection (2), shall not apply in the case of a
child, if it appears to the court that- |
(a) the child
is, or will be, or if an order were made without complying with either or both
of those provisions would be, receiving instruction at an educational
establishment or undergoing training for a trade, profession or vocation,
whether or not he is also, or will also be, in gainful employment; or |
(b) there are
special circumstances which justify the making of an order without complying
with either or both of those provisions. |
(4) Any periodical
payments order in favour of a child shall, notwithstanding anything in the
order, cease to have effect on the death of the person liable to make payments
under the order, except in relation to any arrears due under the order on the
date of the death. |
34. (1) Where a financial provision order under
section 27 or 31(6) has been made against a person and there is payable to him
any pension or income which is capable of being attached, the court may after
giving the person an opportunity of being heard order the pension or income to
be attached as to the amount payable under the financial provision order, or as
to any lesser amount, and the amount attached to be paid to the person named by
the court. | Attachment of earnings or pension to satisfy financial
provision order. |
(2) An order under
this section shall be authority to the person by whom the pension or income is
payable to make the payment in accordance with the order, and the receipt of
the person to whom the payment is ordered to be made shall be a good discharge
in the payor. |
35. (1) Where the court has made an order to which
this section applies, then, subject to the provisions of this section, the
court shall have power to vary or discharge the order or to suspend any
provision thereof temporarily and to revive the operation of any provision so
suspended. | Variation, discharge, etc., of certain orders for
financial relief. |
(2) This section
applies to the following orders, that is to say- |
(a) any order
for maintenance pending suit and any interim order for maintenance; |
(b) any
periodical payments order; |
(c) any secured
periodical payments order; |
(d) any order
made by virtue of section 27(3)(c) or 31(7)(b) (provision for payment of a lump
sum by instalments); |
(e) any order
for a settlement of property under section 28(1)(b) or for a variation of
settlement under section 28(1)(c) or (d) being an order made on or after the
grant of a decree of judicial separation; |
(f) any order
made under section 25(3) for the sale of property. |
(3) The powers
exercisable by the court under this section in relation to an order shall be
exercisable also in relation to any instrument executed in pursuance of the
order. |
(4) The court
shall not exercise the powers conferred by this section in relation to an order
for a settlement under section 28(1)(b) or for a variation of settlement under
section 28(1)(c) or (d) except on an application made in proceedings- |
(a) for the
rescission of the decree of judicial separation by reference to which the order
was made; or |
(b) for the
dissolution of the marriage in question. |
(5) No property
adjustment order shall be made on an application for the variation of a
periodical payments or secured periodical payments order made (whether in
favour of a party to a marriage or in favour of a child of the family) under
section 27 and no order for the payment of a lump sum shall be made on an
application for the variation of a periodical payments or secured periodical
payments order in favour of a party to a marriage (whether made under section
27 or under section 31). |
(6) Where the
person liable to make payments under a secured periodical payments order has
died, an application under this section relating to that order (and to any
order made under section 25(3)) may be made by the person entitled to payments
under the periodical payments order or by the personal representatives of the
deceased person, but no such application shall, except with the permission of
the court, be made after the end of the period of six months from the date on
which representation in regard to the estate of that person is first taken out. |
(7) In exercising
the powers conferred by this section the court shall have regard to all the
circumstances of the case, including any change in any of the matters to which
the court was required to have regard when making the order to which the
application relates and, where the party against whom that order was made has
died, the changed circumstances resulting from his or her death. |
(8) The personal
representatives of a deceased person against whom a secured periodical payments
order was made shall not be liable for having distributed any part of the
estate of the deceased after the expiration of the period of six months
referred to in subsection (6) on the ground that they ought to have taken into
account the possibility that the court might permit an application under this
section to be made after that period by the person entitled to payments under
the order; but this subsection shall not prejudice any power to recover any
part of the estate so distributed arising by virtue of the making of an order
in pursuance of this section. |
(9) In considering
for the purposes of subsection (6) the question when representation was first
taken out, a grant limited to settled land or to trust property shall be left
out of account and a grant limited to real estate or to personal estate shall
be left out of account and a grant limited to real estate or to personal estate
shall be left out of account unless a grant limited to the remainder of the
estate has previously been made or is made at the same time. |
36. (1) A person shall not be entitled to enforce
through the court the payment of any arrears due under an order for maintenance
pending suit, an interim order for maintenance or any financial provision order
without the leave of that court if those arrears became due more than twelve
months before proceedings to enforce the payment of them are begun. | Payment of certain arrears unenforceable without the
leave of the court. |
(2) The court
hearing an application for the grant of leave under this section may refuse
leave, or may grant leave subject to such restrictions and conditions
(including conditions as to the allowing of time for payment or the making of
payment by instalments) as the court thinks proper, or may remit the payment of
the arrears or of any part thereof. |
(3) An application
for the grant of leave under this section shall be made in such manner as may
be prescribed by rules of court. |
37. (1) Where on an application made under this
section in relation to an order to which this section applies it appears to the
court that by reason of- | Orders for repayment in certain cases of sums paid
under certain orders. |
(a) a change in
the circumstances of the person entitled to, or liable to make payments under
the order since the order was made; |
(b) the changed
circumstances resulting from the death of the person so liable, |
the amount
received by the person entitled to payments under the order in respect of a
period after those circumstances changed or after the death of the person
liable to make payments under the order, as the case may be, exceeds the amount
which the person so liable or his or her personal representatives should have
been required to pay, the court may order the respondent to the application to
pay to the applicant such sum, not exceeding the amount of the excess, as the
court thinks just. |
(2) This section
applies to the following orders, that is to say- |
(a) any order
for maintenance pending suit and any interim order for maintenance; |
(b) any
periodical payments order; and |
(c) any secured
periodical payments order. |
(3) An application
under this section may be made by the person liable to make payments under an
order to which this section applies or his or her personal representatives and
may be made against the person entitled to payments under the order or her or
his personal representatives. |
(4) An application
under this section may be made in proceedings in the court for- |
(a) the
variation or discharge of the order to which this section applies, or |
(b) leave to
enforce, or the enforcement of, the payment of arrears under that order. |
(5) An order under
this section for the payment of any sum may provide for the payment of that sum
by instalments of such amount as may be specified in the order. |
38. (1) Subject to subsection (2) the rights conferred
on the husband or wife by any order made under sections 39 to 47 shall be
subject to the rights of the person entitled to the benefit of any mortgage, security,
charge, or encumbrance affecting the property in respect of which the order is
made, if it was registered before the date of the making of the order or if the
rights of that person arise under an instrument executed before that date. | Rights of mortgagee not affected. |
(2) Notwithstanding
anything in any enactment or in any instrument, no money payable under any such
mortgage, security, charge or encumbrance shall be called up or become due by
reason of the making of any such order, not being an order under section 37
directing the sale of a matrimonial home. |
39. (1) The court may, if it thinks fit, on granting a
decree of divorce or at any subsequent time, instead of or in addition to
making any financial provision or property adjustment orders make an order
against the husband or the wife, or his or her personal representative,
granting to the wife or husband, as the case may be, for such period and on
such terms and subject to such conditions as the court thinks fit, the right
personally to occupy the matrimonial home. | Court may make orders for occupation of matrimonial
home. |
(2) Where an order
is made under subsection (1) the wife or husband, as the case may be, shall be
entitled personally to occupy the land on which the matrimonial home is
situated or which is appurtenant to the matrimonial home, or such part of that
land as is specified in the order. |
(3) The court may
make such other orders and give such directions as may be necessary or
desirable to give effect to any order made under subsection (1). |
(4) An order made
under subsection (1) against the husband or wife shall be enforceable against
the personal representative of the person against whom it is made, unless the
court otherwise directs. |
(5) Before any
order is made under subsection (1), such notice as the court directs shall be
given to any person having an interest in the matrimonial home, and any such
person shall be entitled to appear and be heard in the matter as a party to the
application. |
(6) The court may
at any time, if it thinks fit, cancel or vary any order made under subsection
(1) in such manner as the court thinks fit, whether as to the period of the
order or as to the terms and conditions on which or subject to which it was
made. |
(7) An application
under subsection (6) to cancel or vary any order may be made by either of the
parties to the marriage, or by the personal representative against whom it was
made, or by any person having an interest in the matrimonial home. |
(8) Where an order
made under this section in respect of any matrimonial home relates to any
estate or interest in land, a copy of the order sealed with the seal of the
court shall be deemed for the purposes of the Registration of Records Act to
be a deed and shall be registrable under the said Act upon payment of the
prescribed fee. |
(9) An order made
under subsection (1) shall cease to have effect where- |
(a) the order
is cancelled by the court under subsection (6); or |
(b) the period
for which the order was made has expired; or |
(c) the court
so directs in any other case, including in particular where the person in whose
favour and the person against whom the order is made so agree in writing. |
(10) Where the
Registrar General is satisfied that an order made in respect of a matrimonial
home and registered under subsection (8) has ceased to have effect pursuant to
subsection (9), the Registrar General shall, on application in that behalf,
endorse the fact in the appropriate register accordingly. |
40. (1) The court, on granting a decree of divorce, if
it is satisfied that both parties to the marriage have made a substantial
contribution to the matrimonial home (whether in the form of money payments, or
services, or prudent management, or otherwise howsoever), may, if it thinks
fit, on the application of either party made before the decree of divorce is made,
make in lieu of any order under section 25(3) affecting the matrimonial home an
order- | Sale of home or payment may be directed by Court. |
(a) subject to
subsection (2) directing the sale of the home (including the land on which it
is situated and such other land appurtenant thereto as the court directs) and
the division of the proceeds, after the payment of the expenses of the sale,
between the parties in such proportions as the court thinks fit; or |
(b) directing
that either party pay to the other such sum, either in one sum or in
instalments and either forthwith or at a future date and either with or without
security, as the court thinks fair and reasonable in return for the
contributions made by that other party. |
(2) Where the home
comprises part of a building that is not used exclusively or principally as the
home of the parties, or where the land appurtenant to the home is not used
exclusively or principally for the purposes of a home, the court shall not make
an order under this paragraph, unless in the special circumstances of the case
the court considers it is fair and equitable. |
(3)
In any case to which subparagraph (iii) of paragraph (a) of the definition of
the term "matrimonial home" applies, an order made under paragraph
(a) of subsection (1), shall direct the sale of the shares held and the
succeeding provisions of this section shall be modified and construed
accordingly. |
(4) Where the
court makes an order under subsection (1), it may make such other orders and
may give such directions as may be necessary or desirable to give effect to the
order. |
(5) Before any
order is made under subsection (1), such notice as the court directs shall be
given to any person having an interest in the property that would be affected
by the order, and any such person shall be entitled to appear and be heard in
the matter as a party to the application. |
(6) Where the
court directs the sale of the matrimonial home pursuant to subsection (1), it
may, if it thinks fit, instead of directing division of the proceeds between
the parties to the marriage, direct that the whole or any part of the proceeds
be paid or applied for the benefit of the children of the family or any of
them, and may give such other directions as may be necessary or desirable to
give effect to that direction. |
(7) The amount
payable to either party to the marriage under any order made pursuant to
paragraph (b) of subsection (1) shall constitute a debt owing to that party by
the other and shall be recoverable accordingly, and, in the case of an order
made in respect of any estate or interest in land, shall also constitute a
charge against that estate of interest; and such an order shall for the
purposes of the Registration of Records Act be deemed to be a deed and may
be registered under the said Act. |
(8) Where an order
is made under subsection (1) and a party to the marriage who has an estate or
interest in the matrimonial home dies before the order has been complied with,
the order shall be binding on and be complied with by the personal
representative of that party. |
(9) Without
limiting the provisions of subsection (3), where the court, under subsection
(1), directs the sale of the matrimonial home and the division of the proceeds
pursuant to paragraph (a) of subsection (1) or the application of the proceeds
pursuant to subsection (6), the court may appoint a person to sell the
matrimonial home and divide or apply the proceeds accordingly. |
(10) The execution
of any instrument by the person so appointed shall have the same force and
validity as if it had been executed by the person in whom the matrimonial home
is vested. |
(11) The court may
make such order as it thinks just as to the payment of the costs and expenses
of and incidental to the preparation of any such instrument and its execution
by the person so appointed. |
41. (1) Where- | Court may vest in parties in common. |
(a) the
matrimonial home is owned by the petitioner or the respondent or by both of
them as joint owners; and |
(b) the court
is satisfied that both parties have made a substantial contribution to the
matrimonial home (whether in the form of money payments, or services, or
prudent management, or otherwise howsoever), |
the court,
on granting a decree of divorce, may, if it thinks fit, on the application of
either party made before the decree is made, make in lieu of any property
adjustment order affecting the matrimonial home an order vesting the home
(including the land on which it is situated and such other land appurtenant
thereto as the court directs) in the parties as owners in common in such shares
as the court thinks fit. |
(2)
In any case to which subparagraph (iii) of paragraph (a) of the definition of
the term "matrimonial home" applies, an order made under subsection
(1) shall vest such shares on such terms as the court directs and the
provisions of this section shall be modified and construed accordingly. |
(3) Before any
order is made under subsection (1), such notice as the court directs shall be
given to any person having an interest in the matrimonial home, and any such
person shall be entitled to appear and be heard in the matter as a party to the
application. |
(4) Where any
order made under this section in respect of any matrimonial home relates to any
estate or interest in land which is registered under the
Registration of Records Act a copy of the order sealed with the seal of the
court shall be deemed for the purposes of that Act to be a deed and shall be
registrable under the said Act upon payment of the prescribed fee. |
(5) The provisions
of this section and of any order thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding
any prohibition or restrictions in the articles of association of any company
relating to the transfer of ownership of shares. |
42. (1) Where the court grants a decree of divorce, it
may at the same or any subsequent time, if it thinks fit, make an order vesting
in the petitioner or the respondent (in this section referred to as the
applicant) the tenancy of any dwelling house- | Court may vest tenancy of dwelling house in petitioner
or respondent. |
(a) of which at
the time of the making of the decree the applicant's wife or husband (in this
section referred to as the other party) is or was either the sole tenant or a
tenant holding jointly or in common with the applicant; |
(b) of which at
the time of the making of the order under this subsection the other party is a
tenant as aforesaid; and |
(c) in which
the applicant or the other party resides at the time of the order under this subsection. |
(2) On the taking
effect of an order made under subsection (1), unless the tenancy is sooner
lawfully determined, the applicant shall become the tenant of the dwelling
house upon and subject to the terms and conditions of the tenancy in force at
the time of the making of the order, and the other party shall cease to be the
tenant. |
(3) Nothing in
this section or in any order made thereunder shall be construed to limit or
affect the operation of any enactment or other rule of law for the time being
applicable to any tenancy to which this section applies or to the dwelling
house held under the tenancy, or to authorise the court to vary, except by
vesting or revesting the tenancy pursuant to this section, any express or
implied term or condition of the tenancy. |
(4) On the
application of the other party in any case in which an order is made under
subsection (1), the court may, if the tenant has died and the tenancy has not
been determined by reason thereof, or if in the opinion of the court the
circumstances have so changed since the making of the order that the tenancy
should be revested in the person or any of the persons in whom it was vested
before the making of that order, make an order cancelling the first mentioned
order and revesting the tenancy accordingly. |
(5) On the taking
effect of any revesting order under subsection (4), unless the tenancy is
sooner lawfully determined, the person in whose favour it is made shall become
the tenant of the dwelling house upon and subject to the terms and conditions
of the tenancy in force at the time of the making of the revesting order. |
(6) Any order
under this section may be made upon and subject to such terms and conditions, not
inconsistent with this Act, as the court thinks fit. |
(7) Every order
under this section shall take effect on such date as may be specified in that
behalf in the order, but if an appeal is lodged, the operation of the order
shall be suspended until the appeal is determined. |
(8) For the
purposes of this section, the term "tenant", in relation to any
dwelling house, includes any person whose tenancy has expired or been
determined and who is for the time being deemed under or by virtue of any
enactment or rule of the law to continue to be the tenant of the dwelling
house; and "tenancy" has a corresponding meaning. |
43. Notice in the prescribed form of any application
for an order under section 42 shall be served in the prescribed manner on the
landlord of the dwelling house, who shall be entitled to appear and be heard as
a party to the application. | Landlord to have right to be heard. |
44. (1) Where the court makes an order for occupation
of the matrimonial home under section 39 or an order vesting the tenancy of a
dwelling house under section 42, it may, if it thinks fit, by the same or any
subsequent order, grant possession of the furniture or any specified articles
of furniture in the matrimonial home or, as the case may be, in the dwelling
house to the party in whose favour the order is made for such period and on
such terms and subject to such conditions as the court thinks fit. | Order in respect of furniture. |
(2) The court, on
making a decree of divorce and whether or not it makes any other order
affecting the parties may make an order vesting the furniture or any specified
articles of furniture owned by one or both of the parties in |